李照国
子禽问于子贡曰:“夫子至于是邦也,必闻其政,求之与?抑与之与?”子贡曰:“夫子温、良、恭、俭、让以得之。夫子求之也,其诸异乎人之求之与?”
子贡姓端木,名赐,字子贡,卫国人,比孔子小三十一岁,是孔子的弟子。子禽,姓陈,名亢,字子禽。自古以来很多人都认为子禽是孔子的弟子。但《史记》“仲尼弟子列传”中并没有提到子禽。郑玄在注解《论语》时,认为子禽就是孔子的弟子。臧庸(公元1767–公元1811,清学者、文学家、考据学家)在《拜经日记》中说,《史记》“仲尼弟子列传”中的原亢禽,就是子禽。
但从《论语·子张篇》来看,子禽似乎真的不是孔子的弟子。在该篇第25 节中,子禽问子贡,“子为恭也,仲尼岂贤于子乎?”意思是说,“你对仲尼如此的尊敬,难道他比您还贤能吗?”如果子禽真是孔子的弟子,他岂能如此放肆!即便他敢如此放肆,编辑《论语》的孔氏门人,也不会将其大不敬之言收入其中的。
不管子禽是否为孔子的弟子,在本节与子贡的交谈中,引发了子贡对孔子为人处事风貌的总结概括,非常有意义。子禽问子贡,“夫子至于是邦也,必闻其政,求之与?抑与之与?”意思是说,“夫子到了任何一个国家,总是清楚地了解到这个国家的政事。这是他自己向别人求教的呢,还是人家主动告诉他的呢?”子贡回答说,“夫子温、良、恭、俭、让以得之。夫子求之也,其诸异乎人之求之与?”意思是说,“夫子为人处事温和、善良、恭敬、俭朴、谦和,所以才会随时获得他所需要的各种信息。他获取这些信息的方法,大概与其他人的方式不同吧?”
从儒家千秋万代的传扬来看,孔子的确是“君子”的楷模,“贤士”的化身,“圣人”的榜样。孔子是如何做到这一点的呢?子贡所概括的“温良恭俭让”,就是最为客观实际的答案。身体力行,这就是孔子一生修身、诚意、正心的宽广路径。一般人都知道孔子出身没落贵族,就像现在的官二代一样富有,所以才接受了高端的教育,成为优秀的人才。
其实呢,孔子的幼年和现在农民工的子女不差上下。孔子三岁丧父,其年轻的母亲只好带着他离开孔家,艰难谋生。所以在《论语·子罕篇》中,孔子对子贡说,“吾少也贱,故多能鄙事。”
Arthur Waley 将其译为:
Tzu-Ch’in said to Tzu-kung, When our Master arrives in a fresh country he always manages to find out about its policy. Does he do this by asking questions, or do people tell him of their own accord? Tzu-kung said, Our Master gets things by being cordial, frank, courteous, temperate, deferential. That is our Master’s way of enquiring – a very different matter, certainly, from the way in which enquiries are generally made.
辜鸿铭将其译为:
A man once asked a disciple of Confucius, saying, “How was it that whenever the Master came into a country he was always informed of the actual state and policy of its government? Did he seek for the information or was it given to him?”
“The Master,” replied the disciple, “was gracious, simple, earnest, modest and courteous; therefore he could obtain what information he wanted. The Master’s way of obtaining information—well, it was different from other people’s way.”
丘氏昆仲将其译为:
Zi Qin asked Zi Gong, “How was it that whenever the Master entered a State he was alwaysinformed about its government? Did he seek the information or was it given to him?”
“The Master,’ replied Zi Gong, “was gracious, nice, courteous, thrifty and deferential in order to obtain the information. The Master’s way of seeking information — was it not different from other peoples’ ways?”
对于考据学家、历史学家和儒学研究者而言,子禽是不是孔子的弟子,孔子的出身和人生如何,的确是一个值得认真研究的问题。但对于翻译者而言,子禽是否为孔子门人,孔子幼年的生活到底是富裕还是清贫,都不会影响其对《论语》中具体话语的解读和翻译,尤其是子禽和子贡这段对话的翻译。
以上三则译文,基本上都是达意的,都较为完整地揭示了原文的实际内涵。这段对话的核心内容,就是孔子的“温良恭俭让”。对于这五个概念,三则译文有相近之处,也有别异之处。Arthur Waley 将其译为cordial (诚恳的、热烈的), frank, courteous (礼貌的、客气的), temperate (温和的、适度的), deferential (恭敬的),辜氏将其译作gracious, simple, earnest, modest and courteous,丘氏昆仲将其译作gracious, nice, courteous, thrifty and deferential,皆有可取之处,但也有可推敲之分。所谓的“温良恭俭让”,指的是“温和、善良、恭敬、俭朴和谦虚”。将三则译文统而筹之,则“温良恭俭让”似可译为temperate/gentle, honest/nice, deferential/courteous, simple/frank, modest/earnest。
子贡所谓的“其诸异乎人之求之与”中的“其诸”,在先秦古籍中一般都表示不肯定的语气。黄家岱(公元1854-公元1891,字选青,号祖望,为浙东经学家,与父亲、祖父三人被称为“宁波三代经师”)在其《兴艺轩杂著》中指出,“其诸”的意思是“或者”。
在三则译文中,辜氏将“其诸异乎人之求之与”译为The Master’s way of obtaining information—well, it was different from other people’s way. Arthur Waley 将其译为That is our Master’s way of enquiring – a very different matter, certainly, from the way in which enquiries are generally made. 均为肯定句, 值得商榷。丘氏昆仲将译为The Master’s way of seeking information—was it not different from other peoples’ ways? 以疑问语气翻译,比较符合原文的实际。