This concept originates from The Analects. While the word qiao (巧) or “artful”itself typically denotes cleverness or skill, and ling (令) or “pleasing” generally signifies virtue or goodness, both adopt negative connotations in the context of the phrase “artful words and a pleasing demeanor.” The concept refers to the intentional use of flattering or deceptive language and expressions to manipulate or mislead others. Confucius (551-479 BC) explicitly stated that treating others with “artful words and a pleasing demeanor” contradicts the principles of benevolence and virtue.

Confucius said, “Artful words and a pleasing demeanor are seldom in line with true virtue.” (The Analects)