This term means high aspiration and moral principles. Aspiration refers to the powerful innate drives such as beliefs and courage that underpin one’s ambition and enables its realization, whereas moral principles guard and sustain one’s moral and righteous behavior. Today, the term in a general sense means to uphold justice as well as an undaunted…

Courage lies in weakness or retreating, in bravely choosing not to venture into doing something. This exemplifies the wisdom in Laozi’s concepts of “weakness” and “non-action.” According to Laozi, it is dangerous to always push ahead stubbornly. One should advance when advancing is appropriate and retreat when retreating is appropriate. True co…

If one can make the people live in peace and happiness, he can unify all the land. In ancient China, a "king" (wang 王) was not just the one who held the highest power. Rather, he was a man who clearly understood the fundamental principle of maintaining harmony with heaven and earth as well as other humans and enjoyed popular support. To "protect t…

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