This is an important term about literary style that stresses the unity and integration of the styles of writings with the temperaments of their authors. The term originated by Liu Xie (465?-520) of the Southern Dynasties in his The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons. One chapter of the book discusses how the styles of writings are related to …

The basic meaning of yong (勇) is courage, which is a virtue. When necessary, a courageous person is expected to fearlessly stop any act that violates ethical principles without giving any consideration to his own personal interests. Acts of courage must be based upon recognition and observance of ethical and social norms. Otherwise, such acts may b…

Cheng (成), meaning “grow” or “consummate” as a verb, describes the gradual growth of things towards consummation. All things possess innate qualities and abilities from their birth or generation. However, for such creatures as humans, birds, beasts, and plants, these qualities and abilities need to be continually developed during their existenc…

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