The “moral mind” refers to people’s awareness of moral principles. It is set in contrast to the “human heart,” and appears in classics such as the “Old Text” version of The Book of History, and Xunzi. Confucian scholars in the Song Dynasty attached great importance to both terms and made interpretations and expositions about them. They believ…

The term means to understand how we should conduct ourselves through our contact with things. “Studying things to acquire knowledge” comes from The Great Learning, a section of The Book of Rites. Together with “being sincere in thought,” “rectifying one’s mind,” “cultivating oneself,” “regulating one’s family well,” “governing the state…

Bravery determines the victorious outcome of a battle. As a trait, bravery refers mainly to the fighting spirit, the will to win, and fearless heroism. It is characteristically a necessary condition or a pre-requisite that decides the victorious outcome of a battle. Such a trait should not only be found in an army, but also in the general public bec…

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