In its original meaning, dao (道) is the way or path taken by people. It has three extended meanings: 1) the general laws followed by things in different spheres, e.g. the natural order by which the sun, moon and stars move is called the way of heaven; the rules that govern human activities are the way of man; 2) the universal patterns followed by a…
This concept represents the four artisanal techniques applied to various materials. Qie (切) signifies crafting animal bones, cuo (磋)indicates refining ivory objects, zhuo (琢) alludes to shaping jade, and mo (磨) pertains to grinding stone materials. In antiquity, people used animal bones, ivory, and diverse types of stones to create objects. Thes…
The Revolution in the Circle of Poets was a cultural movement in early modern China. A part of the Revolution in the Literati Circle, it aimed to reform poetic expression. Liang Qichao (1873-1929) was the first one to champion this movement. In his work “My Days in Hawaii,” he argued that modern poetry should draw on the style and format of classi…