People and things both exist in form and content , with content representing their essence and form representing their appearance . Confucian scholars often used “form and content” to describe the display and the substance of rites. The external “form” must be based on the internal “content” because form pursued in isolation from content wil…

The expression “to purposefully put oneself in a life-threatening circumstance and risk death to achieve victory” is proposed by the ancient military thinker Sunzi. The term sidi (死地), or life-threatening danger, specifically refers to a situation in battle where he must fight hard or die, which will eventually help him to win against all obstac…

Balanced harmony is an ideal state of human mind. When people’s emotions such as joy, anger, sorrow, and happiness are expressed in an unbiased way in keeping with the rites, a state of mind featuring balanced harmony is achieved. If a ruler can reach such a state of mind and exercise governance accordingly, everything in heaven and earth will be i…

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