The purpose of meting out punishment is to eliminate punishment, which is an extension of the Confucian idea of “rule by virtue.” The Confucian point of view is that education by rites and music is the main means of state governance, and penalties are only auxiliary. The aim of governance is to educate the people through these two means, educatin…
An army in danger and filled with indignation will certainly be victorious. Ai (哀) here means both pain and anger. These emotions can unite an army and give it extraordinary courage which is very often the deciding factor in battle. In the same way, the side that fights with passion to resist wrongdoing and aggression is filled with justified indig…
The term has both broad and narrow meanings. Interpreted narrowly, it means various painting techniques. Interpreted broadly, it means the cultural values, personality, artistic style, and aesthetic aspiration embodied in a painting, suggesting a perfect fusion of Dao and skills. Dao determines the theme a painting conveys as well as the painting’s…