The Spring and Autumn Annals is one of the Confucian classics, believed to have been compiled by Confucius(551-479 BC) based on the chronicles of the State of Lu. The book covers a period of 242 years from the first year of the reign of Duke Yin of Lu (722 BC) to the 14th year of the reign of Duke Ai (481 BC). The book was China’s first chronolog…
The term means taking power from a ruler. Ge (革) means to change or remove. Ming (命) first referred to the mandate of heaven and later came to mean a ruler’s decrees and his mandate to rule. Changing the mandate usually involves replacing a ruler and a change of dynasty, in other words, overthrowing an old regime and establishing a new one. Peop…
The ability to recognize individuals with both moral virtue and competence, or to discern the merits and shortcomings of people, has been a profound pursuit throughout Chinese history. Many historical classics suggest that the future of a well-governed state hinges on its ability to recognize and leverage the role of virtuous and competent individua…