Poetry on history refers to poems written to convey a poet’s sentiments by reflecting on historical events or historical figures. A poem on history touched on historical events and expressed the poet’s historical insight as well as his emotional attachment to history. Such poems recounted, relived, revived, interpreted, or chanted about history. S…

Things come into being and exist in two modes, which are used to describe how the eight trigrams are formed. As explained in The Book of Changes: “The Book of Changes involve taiji (太极 the supreme ultimate), which produces two modes. The two modes generate the four images, and the four images give birth to the eight trigrams.” Taiji divides itse…

The purpose of meting out punishment is to eliminate punishment, which is an extension of the Confucian idea of “rule by virtue.” The Confucian point of view is that education by rites and music is the main means of state governance, and penalties are only auxiliary. The aim of governance is to educate the people through these two means, educatin…

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