It is better to die than to endure a life of humiliation. Since ancient times, the Chinese have “prized life” and “respected life.” At the same time, they felt that life itself was neither the goal nor the meaning of a person’s existence. If a conflict should arise between preserving an individual’s life and staying on the right path, he shoul…
Names are established through popular usage. Xunzi (313?-238 BC) proposed this idea to describe how things are named. Xunzi believed that names fall into different categories, and every name is used to indicate a particular object. Which name is used to describe what or what kind of things is decided by the popularity of its use. When everybody a…
The notion of the people’s will being the foundation, or the “roots,” of government comes from a dialogue between a king of the Shang Dynasty and Houfu (in a text found on bamboo slips of the Warring States Period). Houfu said to the king, “The people’s will is like the roots of a tree: they support the leaves.” By that he meant that public su…