The original meaning of li (理) was the texture of jade; later it was extended to contain three meanings: (1) the physical forms or proprieties of things, such as length, size, shape, tensile strength, weight, and color; (2) the universal laws followed by all things and beings; and (3) the original source or ontological existence of things. The last…
Different attributes of the same object, such as solidity and whiteness, fulfill one another. This proposition was made by the later Mohist scholars. When you look at a solid white stone, you can only see its color, without knowing it is solid; when you touch the stone, you can only feel its solidity, without knowing it is white. Though solidness an…
Xunzi （313？-238 BC）first proposed this idea as a way to cultivate rectitude. He believed that following human nature alone leads to endless contention over external objects, resulting in disruption and discord within communities. Ethics and morals are instilled in a person through nurture and education. By conforming to the demands of proper spee…
The purposes of the Project are to select the concepts in Chinese culture and thought that reflect the characteristics of the country's traditional culture and the Chinese people's way of thinking, and that embody the core values of China.
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