This term refers to the emotional strength and the vitality of a literary work. It was first used during the Southern Dynasties, resonating with the social practice of making comment on people. The term was used to describe the emotional vigor and forcefulness of artistic works such as poetry, essays, calligraphy, and paintings. It is similar in mea…

Plump beauty is a style prevalent in ancient Chinese literature and art. "Plump" here suggests abundance, richness and fullness. In calligraphic aesthetics, it refers to a state of chubbiness, maturity and lushness. When used in poetic creation, "plump" is associated with a poem's richness in nuance and enduring appeal. However, plump beauty would n…

The term means order and bestowment from Heaven. “Mandate of heaven” mainly contains three different meanings: The first is the order of heaven over human affairs. Such order first of all focuses on a change of the supreme ruler’s authority: Heaven empowers the virtuous to attack and replace a ruler who has lost his virtue, and thus enjoy the hig…

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