Confucian scholars believed that nothing is possible without sincerity, which is the basic principle or law followed by humans and all things. It is a process in which humans and all things give full play to their inherent nature or essential properties. Sincerity is what enables them to exist and improve themselves, and it is an ideal state of both…
This poetic style pursued rhetorical beauty and symmetrical structure. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, poets such as Yang Yi (974-1020), Liu Yun (970-1030), and Qian Weiyan (977-1034) gathered in the emperor's private library to compile Important Mirrors for Governance, a book that records the activities of monarchs and their minist…
Li (rites) and yue (music) are a whole set of social norms for regulating individuals’ conduct and their relationships with other people as well as everything else in nature and even ghosts and spirits. These norms involve ceremonial vessels, rituals, and systems which were designed and established for various levels. Rites are hierarchical system…