Moral fulfillment of one’s mind and heart means beauty in character. This term comes from the book Mencius. Mencius’ (372?-289 BC) understanding of beauty relates closely to Confucian morality. To his mind, beauty is one of the qualities on the rating scale for personality, which ranges from those of virtue, honorableness, beauty, magnanimity, sa…

The original meaning of li (理) was the texture of jade; later it was extended to contain three meanings: (1) the physical forms or proprieties of things, such as length, size, shape, tensile strength, weight, and color; (2) the universal laws followed by all things and beings; and (3) the original source or ontological existence of things. The last…

Knowledge from personal experience is a type of knowledge and a way of acquiring it proposed by the Mohist School. In their opinion, knowledge is gained in three ways: by personal experience, by hearsay, and by explanation. To learn from personal experience means learning by examining or getting involved with things. It is a direct way of gaining k…

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