In his essay “The Peach Blossom Spring,” Tao Yuanming (365 or 372 or 376-427) of the Jin Dynasty describes an idyllic place of natural beauty, cut off from the outside world and far from the ravages of war, free from political oppression, where people live in equality, freedom, harmony, peace and happiness. Later, the expression came to mean an i…

The term yilun (彝伦), which corresponds to constant relations, first appears in The Book of History. In Chinese antiquity, it was believed that the relations of human life followed certain constant laws or yilun, which were derived from the imitation of and compliance with the heavenly way, and thus reflected the authority of Heaven. Yilun regulate…

This concept was first raised by Yan Hui(521-481 BC), one of Confucius' (551-479 BC) disciples. He provided a subjective source for benevolence. According to the Confucian School, a man of benevolence is sure to cherish himself and then extend his love to others. In return, he is sure to win love from others. This is reciprocal. Many people advoc…

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