Literally, this term means “united, we’ll be as solid as a fortress.” With concerted effort, people collectively can generate tremendous strength and be able to overcome all difficulties. Zhi, the second character in the term, means will, and cheng, the last character, means the wall of a fortress. The whole term implies three most important ele…

This concept represents the four artisanal techniques applied to various materials. Qie (切) signifies crafting animal bones, cuo (磋)indicates refining ivory objects, zhuo (琢) alludes to shaping jade, and mo (磨) pertains to grinding stone materials. In antiquity, people used animal bones, ivory, and diverse types of stones to create objects. Thes…

This system was central to life in ancient China; it was a system of principles and measures by which a clan, a state, or society was run, based on bloodline or whether a son was born from the wife or a concubine. The feudal clan system evolved from the patriarchal chiefs system. Taking shape during the Western Zhou Dynasty, this system and the feud…

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