The twelve-tone equal temperament is a standard scale tuning in which an octave is divided into 12 equal semitones, with the interval value of any two adjacent semitones being the 12th root of 2. It was first proposed by Zhu Zaiyu (1536-1611),a musician of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu was the first scholar in the world to determine the twelve-tone equal te…

Quoted from The Book of Rites, a Confucian classic, this proposition justified the necessity of cultivating aristocratic virtues, which served as a reminder that aristocrats should not take pride in their noble birth but work hard to improve their social status and realize from such improvement that nobility is defined by virtue rather than birth. …

A gua (trigram/hexagram) is a system of symbols consisting of undivided lines (—) and divided lines (- -). The undivided line (—) is a yang line while the divided one (- -) a yin line. Three lines make a trigram, and there are eight such trigrams. When six lines are put together, they together make 64 hexagram combinations. Trigrams / hexagrams an…

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