The Chinese character for human being (人) has been imbued with Chinese humanistic spirit since it was created. In its ancient form, it resembled a man standing with his body slightly bending forward, his hands on his sides, looking modest and polite. Because humans have the ability to think, they understand that an individual is too weak to surviv…
Ci (词) originated in the Tang and the Five Dynasties, and developed to maturity as a new literary form in the Song Dynasty. Also known as “lyric with a melody,” “yuefu (乐府) poetry” or “long and short verses,” ci developed from poetry. Its main feature is that it is set to music and sung. Each piece of ci has a name for its tune. There are s…
Literally, this term means to reverse the state of one being hung upside down. It originated from Zhuangzi. The author Zhuangzi (369?-286 BC) found that people tend to look at other people or things from their own positions, and they thus develop biased views about others and the world. Their mind is consequently in a state of tension. To Zhuangzi,…