This term refers to the way an author may be motivated to have creative thoughts at the sight of natural objects or other things. The imagery in his work is thus constituted. Xing (兴) here refers to the mental capacity to produce an emotional response to an external object, either because the author feels a certain emotion or interest inspired by t…

Inner beauty means a fine disposition and moral character. It first appeared in “Lisao” by Qu Yuan(340?-278?BC), referring to an inherited innate moral character which was further fostered in one’s early living environment. On this basis acquired competence develops, which is achieved when one, after gaining initial understanding of the princip…

As one of the two ci (词) lyric schools of the Song Dynasty, the graceful and restrained school mainly dealt with romantic love or parting sorrow. It featured sentimental and nuanced expression of one’s feelings, graceful and melodious metric patterning, and mellow and subtle use of language. Ci lyrics of this school emerged early, and many poets w…

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