This refers to the various schools of thought and their proponents during the period from the late Spring and Autumn Period through the early Han Dynasty.The Spring and Autumn Period witnessed an increasing disintegration of the old social order as well as of the values of the Zhou Dynasty. Faced with a social crisis , scholars of the times reflec…

A complete man refers to a person of sound moral integrity who also has command of various skills that in ancient times were needed to deal with social life. In the view of the ancient Chinese, a complete man did not just mean that a man reached adulthood. It also meant that a person had acquired sound morals and the skills required to adapt to soci…

The term refers to vim and vigor found in a great work of art. It first emerged among comments on famed persons in the Wei and Jin period. Later, it was brought into the field of artistic criticism. The Tang Dynasty’s theory on calligraphy adopted the term to describe the artistic features of a calligraphic work. In his essay titled “Subsequent Co…

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