Poems of this style first emerged during the reign of Emperor Wu of Qi of the Southern Dynasties. That period, lasting from 483 to 493, assumed the regal title of Yongming, hence the name of this poetic style. Yongming poems featured metrical structure and parallelism. They were also known as the “new poetry,” as opposed to the “old poetry” of…

The twelve-tone equal temperament is a standard scale tuning in which an octave is divided into 12 equal semitones, with the interval value of any two adjacent semitones being the 12th root of 2. It was first proposed by Zhu Zaiyu (1536-1611),a musician of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu was the first scholar in the world to determine the twelve-tone equal te…

First formulated by Wu Qi (440?-381 BC), a far-famed statesman and military strategist of the Warring States Period, the concept refers to either armed forces fighting for justice or morally justified wars. In this context, yi (义) specifically means “forbidding violence and eliminating chaos,” denoting acts generally regarded as righteous. As an…

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