Xiaogu (小故) refers to an insufficient cause or condition. The Mohists categorized the causes of things being so into dagu (大故major cause) and xiaogu (minor cause). It is uncertain whether xiaogu leads to the corresponding consequence, but it is certain that its absence leads not to the consequence. In simpler terms, xiaogu is a necessary but not…

Kan (坎) is one of the eight trigrams, represented by the diagram ☵. It is also one of the 64 hexagrams and composed of two trigrams like this . Kan symbolizes water, which moistens all things on earth. Since water always flows toward or deposits i…

This term originally referred to water, which, without a fixed shape, flows along the contours of objects or land. Song Dynasty writer Su Shi (1037-1101) used it to describe literary writing that was smooth and free like water, showing both the writer’s creative power and his adherence to the laws of nature and human society. This style of writing …

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