This concept refers to poems whose content and emotion are both profound and pensive, with rising and falling tones. The concept is used by later generations to summarize the characteristics of the poetry of Du Fu ( 712-770 ), a poet from the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu’s long held concerns for the country and its people made him feel deeply pensive, which…

This concept is about achieving a rhythmic balance between speech and emotion to produce a cadence of speech in poems, which is advocated by Chen Zi'ang (659-700), an early Tang Dynasty scholar. It has multiple meanings. It refers to the author’s thoughts and emotions rising and falling with the tempo of the poem. It also means the poet’s intentio…

The term refers to the differentiation of the form and style of a literary work. It means that before putting words on paper, one needs to decide on the form and style appropriate to the thoughts and feelings to be expressed so as to produce a fine literary work with a high degree of harmony between form and content. In creating literary works, anci…

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