Qun (群) means a group or to form a group. A qun consists of people gathered together within defined limits. The formation of groups is a fundamental state of human existence. Among human groups, various relations and hierarchies will form between individuals and between individuals and the group. An orderly group can provide the security necessary …

It is better to die than to endure a life of humiliation. Since ancient times, the Chinese have “prized life” and “respected life.” At the same time, they felt that life itself was neither the goal nor the meaning of a person’s existence. If a conflict should arise between preserving an individual’s life and staying on the right path, he shoul…

This term refers to love for one’s kin and particularly for one’s parents. It is a natural affection, and it also refers to the way in which such feeling is expressed. Confucianism holds that such a love should also be extended to others so that it will foster public virtue. Excessive affection for one’s kin, however, can lead to favoritism in on…

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