Music conforming to virtue reflects the standard of social morality and the high levels of people’s moral character. It is thus the ideal type of music for music education upheld by Confucianism. When the state was stable and orderly, sages established six different rhythms of huangzhong (黄钟), taicu (太簇), guxian (姑洗), ruibin (蕤宾), yize (夷则…

The term, a shortened version of ren tong ci xin, xin tong ci li (人同此心,心同此理), was first proposed by Lu Jiuyuan (1139-1193). Xinxue (心学), the Neo-Confucian philosophy of Lu Jiuyuan and Wang Yangming (1472-1529),teaches that the innate knowledge of the human mind and the principles of the universe are in liaison, that truth transcends time…

Vijñāna, literally “understanding,” “recognition,” or “knowledge,” refers to the function of consciousness in Buddhism. It distorts a common man’s perception of the world and inflicts mental pain on him. To relieve the pain and restore a correct view, the man has to enhance his own consciousness. Generally regarded as a school of idealism, …

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