In Buddhism, the universe of sentient beings is composed of three realms: (1) the realm of desire (kāmadhātu), where the mind is motivated by sensual pleasures; (2) the realm of subtle forms (rūpadhātu), where the mind becomes uninterested in sensual objects but still engaged in conceptual mental activities; and (3) the realm of the formless (ā…

Wuqiong (无穷), literally “limitlessness,”has various meanings: (1) spatial boundlessness; (2) temporal endlessness; and (3) infinity in number, size, and so forth. As they explored limitlessness, the ancients recognized the relativity of the concept in terms of time, space, and other particular things. A switch in perspective may transform limitl…

This expression refers to pursuing conciliatory and benevolent policies and offering benefits to tribes and groups in remote areas. It was a political concept adopted by successive governments led mostly by the Han people in their relations with other ethnic groups, tribes in remote areas not yet directly under their rule, and foreign states. It als…

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