A ruler has the duty to keep people together. According to ancient Chinese philosopher Xunzi (313?-238 BC), people by nature want to live in community.People cannot survive if they go against this nature. Keeping people together so that they form a community or a society is the fundamental duty of a ruler. This term defines the relationship betwee…

This term means to hold obsequies in a proper way and cherish the memory of those long deceased. This is what Zengzi (505-436 BC) believed one should do toward the deceased. As someone passed away, with the passage of time, people close to him would forget the care and love shown to them by the deceased. So people should follow due procedures at a f…

These are the three ways of expression employed in The Book of Songs: a narrative is a direct reference to an object or an event, an analogy metaphorically likens one thing to another, and an association is an impromptu expression of a feeling, a mood or a thought, or using an objective thing as metaphor for sensibilities. Confucian scholars of the …

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