This term shows that poetry should indirectly and mildly advise a ruler against wrongdoing. The critic should resort mainly to tactful and sensitive wording, trying not to appear blunt or offensive when admonishing the ruler. The term first appeared in the “Introductions to Mao’s Version of The Book of Songs”; it was created by Confucian scholars…

This concept refers to poems whose content and emotion are both profound and pensive, with rising and falling tones. The concept is used by later generations to summarize the characteristics of the poetry of Du Fu ( 712-770 ), a poet from the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu’s long held concerns for the country and its people made him feel deeply pensive, which…

From ancient times, Chinese people have held this dialectical view on disasters: though it is calamitous for a country to be plagued by frequent ills or facing other disasters, its people are likely to unite as one and overcome adversities and break new ground; this enables them to create a more prosperous and stronger nation and a happier life. The…

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