Poetry should express a poet's grief while not violating the aesthetic rule of proper grace. First raised by renowned Southern Dynasties literary theorist Zhong Rong (?-518?), this is an important criterion used to judge the merit of poetry. Proceeding from an artistic perspective, Zhong deemed poems by Cao Zhi (192-232) as "having a mixed quality…

The term is used to describe efforts to teach people essential ideals and principles of renwen (人文) and guide them to embrace goodness with the aim of building a harmonious – albeit hierarchical – social order, according to the level of development of a civilization and the specifics of the society. Renwen refers to poetry, books, social norms, …

One who has a sense of satisfaction is truly wealthy. This is a saying of the ancient Chinese philosopher Laozi which expresses his attitude towards fame and fortune. Its essence lies in emphasizing the importance of cultivating one’s inner nature and elevating one’s inner spirit. It also implies the right relationship between satisfaction and wea…

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