This term originally referred to the general layout of a building. Later, it came to mean the overall framework and plot development of a piece of work of art and literature. In theories about calligraphy, it refers to both the structure of an individual character and the rules and layout of an entire calligraphic work. Strokes of varying lengths an…
This expression comes from The Analects, and is what Zixia (507-? BC), a disciple of Confucius (551-479 BC), said he had heard from others. Destiny is beyond one’s control, and ancients believed that the length of a person’s life was predestined. Confucian thinking held that humans should face life and death calmly as they are predetermined by de…
Lei (类) is used to refer to people or things which have similar attributes or characteristics. It represents recognition of the commonalities of things and the differences between categories. Establishing which categories individual entities belong to, and what distinctions and boundaries there are between different types is the basis for naming an…