This concept, as opposed to “revere the fundamental and dismiss the specific,” originates in Wang Bi’s (226-249) interpretation of Laozi. The fundamental, namely, Dao, is shapeless and nameless, while the specific refers to natural shapes and names. The term “revere the fundamental and keep the specific unchanged” means giving full rein to Dao …

To fight or not to fight is one’s own decision, not the enemy’s. This is a principle of military operations proposed by ancient Chinese. “Not to engage the enemy” does not mean passively avoiding confrontation, but means to avoid direct confrontation when the situation favors the enemy. One should not rush or be forced into confrontation just to…

According to the Confucian views on rites, music and music education, music arises from the human mind and moves the people. A country enjoying peace and order makes people feel peaceful and harmonious. In an era of peace and stability, people will naturally be in a peaceful mood, which finds expression in the idyllic and merry styles of music creat…

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