Literally, this term means to reverse the state of one being hung upside down. It originated from Zhuangzi. The author Zhuangzi (369?-286 BC) found that people tend to look at other people or things from their own positions, and they thus develop biased views about others and the world. Their mind is consequently in a state of tension. To Zhuangzi,…
This term encapsulates the notion of the cyclical disappearance and reappearance of things or states. Primarily, “disappearance and reappearance” signifies the cycle of departure and return pertaining to a journey. Ancient Chinese scholars expanded upon this concept, applying it abstractly to represent the dual mechanisms of transformation in thin…
Shi (诗) is a major genre of ancient Chinese literature, the earliest literary form that emerged in China. Observing the requirements of a certain rhythm, rules of rhyming, number of characters, and type of verses, and using concise language and rich imagination, it reflects social life and conveys thoughts and emotions. Shi and wen (文) are two pri…