This term refers to the music of a state that is about to disintegrate. Later, it also refers to decadent and immoral music. The Confucian view was that music of a state on the verge of collapse tended to be dejected and demoralizing. As the downtrodden people endured immense suffering, their music and poetry were invariably full of sorrow and bitte…
This phrase describes a breadth of mind that is broad and open as a deep and expansive mountain valley. Metaphorically, it refers to a person who is modest, generous, and tolerant, good at listening to other people’s opinions and taking them into consideration, which is a desirable characteristic deemed typical in eminent people and leaders. People…
The term refers to two fundamental states in the existence of things, namely, movement and stillness. These two kinds of states are antithetic, but they also rely on each other and change into each other. Ancient Chinese had different views about the constant or the intrinsic state of the existence of things. Confucian scholars believed that “movem…