Originally, the concept denoted that kings, princes, and other rulers should love their kingdoms and their people the same way they did their own families. This is because in ancient China, family and state were considered same in structure. Later on, this concept became a moral value cherished by all patriotic people. It means that all those who lo…
Also known as the five human relationships, these refer to the relationships between father and son, between monarch and minister, between husband and wife, between siblings, and between friends. Ancient Chinese people believed that these were the most basic relationships between people. Each relationship had to follow the corresponding norms, namel…
According to the Confucian belief of unity of heaven and humanity, all human activities conform with the laws governing celestial and terrestrial movement. The creation of qi (vital energy), the product of the convergence of all the natural elements between heaven and earth, generates and nurtures all living things. With this in mind, sages composed…