“Designation” is the provisional naming that refers to things that lack any intrinsic nature. In Buddhism, some schools argue that nothing in the universe exists. The reason why things appear to be different from each other is that as soon as they are designated by different names, what the names refer to are mistaken as the distinctive objects t…

The cap wearing ceremony indicated that one had reached adulthood. In ancient China, when a young man came of age, at 20, an important ceremony was held to mark the event. During the ceremony, he would wear different types of caps, hence, the name of the ceremony. Such a ritual suggested that a young man came of age, not only in terms of his physic…

The term comes from the book Mozi. Mozi (468?-376 BC) felt that heaven was the highest authority, and that heaven’s will was for people to love one another regardless of rank, namely “universal love.” Heaven would reward those who acted in accordance with its will, and punish those who contravened it. Given the supreme and irresistible authority…

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