According to the renowned historiographer Liu Zhiji (661-721)of the Tang Dynasty, those who study and write history must have three strengths, namely, the ability to compose historical works, rich knowledge of history and historical materials, and deep insight that enables them to analyze and evaluate history. Liu believed that deep insight in ana…

This term means to hold obsequies in a proper way and cherish the memory of those long deceased. This is what Zengzi (505-436 BC) believed one should do toward the deceased. As someone passed away, with the passage of time, people close to him would forget the care and love shown to them by the deceased. So people should follow due procedures at a f…

Governance based on morality, kindness and fairness is first proposed by Mozi (468?-376 BC), in contrast to lizheng (力政) meaning governance based on violence and coercion. This concept follows the “principles of the highest authority,” which in practice should be manifested by the big not bullying the small, the strong not crushing the weak, eq…

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