Think in terms of self-interest. This concept was proposed by the Daoists and the Legalists during the Warring States Period. Scholars of both schools felt that people’s words and deeds are always based on considerations of their own interests, and that they always try to gain advantages and avoid harm. Ideas that appear to be for the sake of other…
The term refers to an exegetical classification in which a Buddhist school, in order to bridge theological differences of various teachings or establish its own position and authority, ranks the significance and status of various scriptures. It is also known as jiaopan (classification of the tenets). Different schools and sects adopt different syste…
The term comes from a story in Hanfeizi. In the story, mao (矛) is a spear that is said to be able to pierce anything; dun (盾) is a shield that is said to be able to be pierced by nothing. Mao and dun are a paradox to each other, so a person cannot affirm both propositions at the same time. Later, the term came to mean “contradiction,” or “incon…