Confucianism sees a close relationship between rites and music, both of which are indispensable for maintaining a country’s stability and social harmony. Rites are used to ensure restraint and differentiation, and music is used to ensure harmony and unity of mind. The belief that music harmonizes the voices of the people states the functions of mus…

This refers to the fundamental oracular calculation. The term “fundamental calculation,” which is from The Book of Changes, refers to the procedure for creating hexagrams by using fifty yarrow stalks. The diviner would repeatedly combine and separate groups of yarrow stalks according to a set of rules. The changes in the numbers of the stalks were…

A genre created by Tao Yuanming (365 or 372 or 376-427) of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, idyllic poetry depicts rural life and scenery. Taking country life as his favored theme, Tao Yuanming used plain language to portray rural scenes. His poems were unpretentious, refreshing, and natural, thus creating a far-reaching aesthetic conception and a lasting c…

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