A state that has a strong army but acts without righteousness is bound to be destructive. Since ancient times, all rulers with high ideals have pursued a wealthy state and a strong army. However, there is a more important principle than this, i.e., the principle of righteousness which is a supreme ethical pursuit of the Chinese nation that is above…

This concept means appraising someone’s character, ability, conduct and approach, which was a common practice from the late Han through the Jin and Wei dynasties. The practice was considered a good one when it was first introduced, as people were judged by their moral character and ability, not their family background, making it an important means…

This is a saying of Hanfeizi (280?-233BC), who took the Daoist binary relation between Dao (the Way) and wu (物 the thing) and developed it into a ternary relation with an addition of li (理 pattern). He believed that li describes the attributes and principles of each and every thing in the world in terms of length, size, shape, solidity, weight, c…

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