Delivering a wide range of benefits to the people and relieving the suffering of the poor is crucial for good governance. It requires that a ruler must treat his subjects with benevolence, be responsive to people’s needs and their difficulties and bring extensive benefits to them. Such a ruler deserves to be called a sage.
This expression means forming ties among people based on a common just cause and not forming ties for selfish purposes.Bi (比), meaning to be “close,” implies affinity or attachment. Here it describes a group brought together by a common just cause.Dang (党), referring to“cliquish,”implies bias and factionalism. Here it describes a group bro…
Li (rites) and yue (music) are a whole set of social norms for regulating individuals’ conduct and their relationships with other people as well as everything else in nature and even ghosts and spirits. These norms involve ceremonial vessels, rituals, and systems which were designed and established for various levels. Rites are hierarchical system…