The expression means to learn widely from others so as to enrich one’s own artistic creation. Zhuanyi (转益) means to learn and absorb everything that can further one’s creativity; duoshi (多师) means to learn from many teachers. This comes from “Six Playful Quatrains” by Du Fu (712-770) of the Tang Dynasty. There are two related meanings in th…

The term means likening certain characteristics of things in nature, including plants and animals, to human virtues. When extended to the domain of literary appreciation, it generally involves likening desirable objects to a noble personality. To perceive a natural phenomenon as a reflection or symbol of human characteristics is typical of the Confu…

Seeking novelty without deviating from the proper way is a fundamental principle for writing and learning. In the Southern Dynasties, Liu Xie (465?-520? or 532?) affirmed the new writing styles initiated by Odes of Chu and expressed his admiration for its novel contents and new expressions, but he insisted that writings should be carefully consid…

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