Confucianists believe that the aim of a government official is to have people live in peace and contentment. Officials must always bear in mind the people’s well-being, be concerned about their suffering, and do their best to keep them free from misery. This embodies the Confucian concept of “benevolent governance,” a fine Chinese ethical tradit…

As employed in traditional Chinese art and literature, “thin” here means bony or not plump; it is used in collocation with “strong,” emphasizing a work’s strong structural force. Used in poetic composition, the term refers to a layout devoid of elaborate writing, flowery wording or excessively subtle description. Instead, amazingly new metrical…

This term means to treat people and things with reverence. Respect is a virtue expounded by Confucian scholars which requires people to maintain a reverential attitude towards a particular group of people or things. For example, those in a lower position should respect their superiors, and the young should respect elders. In the context of differen…

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