Leaves wither and fall on the ground by the tree roots. This metaphor implies that all creatures have an old home to return to even after a long sojourn in distant parts. It expresses nostalgia for one’s native place that has been common among Chinese people since ancient times. Although such feelings are inevitably conservative, they embody peopl…

Poetry should express a poet's grief while not violating the aesthetic rule of proper grace. First raised by renowned Southern Dynasties literary theorist Zhong Rong (?-518?), this is an important criterion used to judge the merit of poetry. Proceeding from an artistic perspective, Zhong deemed poems by Cao Zhi (192-232) as "having a mixed quality…

Cheng (成), meaning “grow” or “consummate” as a verb, describes the gradual growth of things towards consummation. All things possess innate qualities and abilities from their birth or generation. However, for such creatures as humans, birds, beasts, and plants, these qualities and abilities need to be continually developed during their existenc…

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