This expression means to follow the natural meridian as a constant rule. This comes from Zhuangzi’s work “On Nurturing Life.” Du (督) refers here to the meridian along the human spine, central yet without form. Zhuangzi (369?-286 BC) held that the laws governing natural phenomena had the same characteristics. He differentiated this from narrow-…

Zaju, a unique dramatic genre of the Yuan Dynasty, grew out of the northern zaju of the earlier Song Dynasty. Originally drawing on popular local performing styles of the north, it later absorbed zhugongdiao, a kind of song-speech drama with mixed modes of musical tunes, as well as scores / scripts performed in brothels by courtesans of the Jin Dyn…

This concept originates from The Analects. While the word qiao (巧) or “artful”itself typically denotes cleverness or skill, and ling (令) or “pleasing” generally signifies virtue or goodness, both adopt negative connotations in the context of the phrase “artful words and a pleasing demeanor.” The concept refers to the intentional use of flatt…

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