李照国
在《论语》中,“君子”前后出现了37 次。可见,“君子”这一概念在孔子的心目中,具有怎样重要的意义。在《论语》中,孔子多次谈到“君子”的品德和修养,将其视为做人的基本标杆。
据《黄帝内经》记载,上古时代有四等圣贤,第一等是真人,第二等是至人,第三等是圣人,第四等是贤人。在孔子的时代,由于礼崩乐坏,不但真人和至人成了历史,就是圣人和贤人也难觅其踪了。面对严酷的现实,孔子也只能求次之又次之的所谓“君子”了。这,就是文明与道德悖而行之的历史观。
关于“君子”的翻译,译界向来有辩有论,有争有议。尽管如此,比较常见的译法,还多为gentleman,令人纠结不已。此外,还有人将其译作superior person,挺与时俱进的,虽然符合现今的时代潮流,但却不一定符合孔子的思想和古人的理念。菲律宾的丘氏昆仲不赞同如此之译,而主张将其译作noble person。在英语中,noble 与贵族有渊源。而在中文里,“君子”与“君王”也有关联。可见,将“君子”译作noble person,还是有些依据的。在其所英译的《论语》前言中,根据历史的发展和文化的实际,他们对此作了颇有卓见的论述,甚至对“君子”一词的来源,也作了意趣别具的考据:
Considering that Confucius lived in the age of feudalism when the king or prince or ruler was or should have been the embodiment of everything perfect, the use of the terms noble leader and noble person (君子) was as much for the inspiration of his listeners as for the benefit of the rulers who were possibly his real targets. If he could get the rulers to behave virtuously, and set the correct example from the top, then the rest of the people would follow (See ANA 12: 19). Even today, the term “noble” may be obsolescent, but what it stands for is still much desired.
将“君子”和“君王”联系在一起,从历史和文化的角度来看,是颇有道理的。学界早就有人认为,所谓的“君子”,最早指的就是“君王之子”。此说虽然缺少文献支撑,但将“君子”与“君王”相关联,却并非完全空谈。远古时期的统治者,古人颂之为“圣王”,即将其视为道德的化身,至人的楷模。后世的“君子”,也负有同样的职责,也发挥着同样的作用。这就是为什么孔子如此看重“君子”的原因。而将孔子如此看重的“君子”译作gentleman,显然信之不够,达之不尽,雅之不足。丘氏昆仲反对将“君子”译作gentleman。
但其反对的理由,却似乎有些不够充分:
The term “Gentleman” in an age of disorder and disarray would be entirely inappropriate and would not be understood by the listeners of the day. Gentlemen existed mainly in an age of stability and relative affluence, such as the English Victorian era, when people had luxury of exercising their virtues. And if a gentleman calls those not of his class “petty men”, then he is not gentleman.
照此说来,既然礼崩乐坏的时代里连gentleman 都不可能有,那“君子”就更无从谈起了。但事实上,在《论语》中,孔子总是反反复复地谈“君子”,总是将“君子”与“小人”比而较之。为什么这样做呢?当然是为了引领时代潮流,为了“克己复礼”。所谓的“郁郁乎文哉,吾从周”,所表达的就是这样的心愿。更何况孔子本人就是一位名副其实的“君子”,而他的三千弟子、七十二贤人,更是后世“君子”的模板。
如今的神州大地,与孔子所处的那个令他疾首蹙额的时代,可谓有过之而无不及。即便如此,我们不是还在年年评选和表彰“英模”和“楷模”么。哪能说时代没有了嘴上就不能说,纸上就不能写呢?民间所谓的“宣传什么,没有什么”,说的,就是这个意思。
所以呢,丘氏昆仲虽有学问,但毕竟生活在菲律宾,对中国的实际,还是缺乏了解的。